On February 6, 2023, we were unexpectedly confronted with the fact that our homes, where we felt safe, were actually in danger. It is known that individuals who encounter such traumatic processes show some psychological symptoms, how diverse these symptoms can be, and how unique and distinctive each person experiences the process of trauma and mourning. While the symptoms experienced in the early period after exposure to trauma are a normal process, it is accepted that a psychopathology begins when these symptoms are prolonged and lead to a decrease in the person's functionality. In the treatment process, individuals should be well evaluated and a personalized treatment process should be planned.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the study was to compare the success of ultrasound (US) guided compression therapy of pseudoaneurysms developing in the femoral region after angiographic intervention and the factors affecting this success with the findings described in the literature.
METHODS: A total of 27 patients who underwent compression therapy with US between April 2019 and September 2020 were included in the study. All patients included in the study were evaluated with B-mode ultrasonography (US) and Colour Doppler ultrasonography. Examinations were performed with the affinity G70 ultrasound (Philips Ultrasound, Bothell, WA) device using a 12L3 linear and/or 5C1 convex probe. The volume, neck length and width of the pseudoaneurysm before the procedure, and the total compression time after the procedure were recorded. The recorded features were statistically evaluated with the success of the procedure.
RESULTS: Success was achieved in 20(74%) patients, 10(72%) male patients and 10(77%) female patients who underwent compression. The mean pseudoaneurysm volume was calculated as 23.4±21.9 cm³, neck length 8.2±8.02 mm, neck width 2.4±1.12. The mean compression time was calculated as 34.6±11.8 minutes. Statistically, we found that the probability of thrombosis in pseudoaneurysms is higher if the neck is long and the neck width is short. In addition, the longer the compression period, the more likely the pseudoaneurysm will be thrombosed.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: US-guided compression therapy is a cheap and effective treatment option, and it is decided by detailed US which patients will respond to compression therapy. Thus, choosing the right patient will minimize both time loss and possible complications.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to investigate the predictive value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters in predicting placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) and clinical outcomes of patients with placenta previa.
METHODS: A total of 56 prenatal placental MRI examinations acquired via 1.5 and 3 Tesla scanners were retrospectively examined by 2 radiologists in consensus. Presence of T2 dark band, thinning of myometrium, abnormal vascularization, uterine bulging, heterogeneous placenta, placental protrusion, placenta recess and percretism findings were evaluated. While pathology and clinical intrapartum findings constituted the reference standard for placenta accreta spectrum (PAS), intrapartum/peripartum bleeding over 1000 mL and emergency hysterectomy were regarded as poor clinical outcomes. The values of MRI findings in predicting both PAS and clinical outcomes were analyzed.
RESULTS: Age, platelet (PLT) value and gestational age were similar in patients with both groups. Signs of percretism had the best diagnostic test performance in predicting clinical worsening, followed by intraplacental abnormal vascularization and placental recession (respectively 80.6%, 76.4%, 73.6%). The most valuable finding in predicting PAS was percretism sign, placental recess, and myometrial thinning (respectively 85.0%, 81.3%, 79.4%).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Percretism and intraplacental abnormal vascularization are highly predictive of a possible poor clinical outcome.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the relationships between neurological soft signs (NSS), circadian preferences, and emotional regulation difficulties in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and their unaffected first-degree relatives (FDRs).
METHODS: A total of 105 people (35 BD patients, 35 FDRs, and 35 healthy controls) enrolled in the study. They completed a sociodemographic information form, the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES).
RESULTS: NES motor coordination, complex motor movements, other subscale and total scores were significantly higher in BD and FDRs compared to the control group. The subscales of the DERS including nonacceptance, goals, impulse, strategies, accessibility, and total DERS scores were also significantly higher in patients than the relative and control groups. A statistically positive, weak, and significant relationship emerged between the patient group’s other NES sub-dimension and the DERS sub-dimensions of impulse and awareness. Meanwhile, significant relationship was found in the FDRs between NSS and the NES sub-dimensions emotional integration and complex motor movements. A significant relationship was also found between the DERS sub-dimension nonacceptance and the NSS sub-dimension complex motor movements.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study discovered that NSS are associated with negative emotional regulation strategies in patients with BD during in euthymic period and FDRs. NSS and circadian preferences may be endophenotype candidates for BD.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to explain the beneficial effects and possible protective mechanisms of Sinapic acid(SA) against cisplatin-induced oxido-inflammatory damage in HT-22 rat hippocampal cells by biochemical and molecular methods.
METHODS: Primarily, different concentrations of SA (100, 400 and 800 µM) were applied to HT-22 cells under in vitro conditions before cisplatin application in order to produce neuroprotective activity. Half an hour after the SA application, 5.5 µM cisplatin (CP) was applied to all wells except the control group and incubated for 24 hours under appropriate conditions. Cell viability was determined with routinely used 3-(4,5-Dimethyl Thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) and cytotoxic activity was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Oxidative stress was evaluated by total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assays. In addition, the effect of SA on Caspase-3 gene regulation in HT-22 cells was investigated by Real-Time PCR.
RESULTS: Cisplatin decreased cell viability by approximately 40% and increased LDH level in HT-22 cells. In SA administered groups, cell viability increased and LDH level decreased regardless of dose. SA showed its neuroprotective effect by stopping the cytotoxic activity of cisplatin and increasing its antioxidant action mechanism in cells. Similarly, caspase-3 up-regulated by cisplatin approached the control value with SA administration. SA abolished the neurotoxicity of cisplatin and significantly reduced cell death and oxidative stress levels (p<0.05 and p<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These findings show that SA protects HT-22 cells against cisplatin by preventing both oxidative stress formation mechanisms and apoptosis induction of cells.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate,in a real-world setting, the effects of intravitreal dexamethasone (DEX) implants in patients with refractory diabetic macular edema after 3 initial anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections.
METHODS: Each enrolled patient received a DEX implant after suboptimal response to 3 monthly anti-VEGF injections and was followed for 12 months. A second DEX implant was allowed at least 6 months later. Anti-VEGF injections were administered on a pro re nata (PRN) regimen after DEX implant. Predictive factors for visual and morphological outcomes and additional therapies during follow-up were evaluated.
RESULTS: Among 81 included eyes, mean central macular thickness (CMT) decreased from 583±178 µm to 259±119 µm, and 28 eyes (35%) gained more than 5 ETDRS letters after 1 month. Visual acuity significantly improved most commonly in patients with intact ellipsoid zones. The decrease in CMT was positively correlated with baseline CMT and cyst size. Despite the PRN protocol, significant losses in improvements were seen after 6 months compared to 1 month in the percentage of eyes with CMTs smaller than 300 µm (47% vs 75%) and losing at least5 ETDRSletters (16% vs 5%; P <0.001). The values at 6 and 12 months were not statistically different.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A DEX implant is an option in eyes with suboptimal responses to 3 monthly anti-VEGF injections. In a real-world setting, anti-VEGF injections on a PRN regimen is not sufficient to preserve the benefits of a DEX implant for a period of 6 months.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of our study is to examine the effects of pandemic-related features on OCD symptoms during the period of restrictions, and to evaluate the relationship between OCD and TAF during the pandemic.
METHODS: A total of 69 patients aged 7-18 years, who applied to our outpatient clinics and were diagnosed with OCD, were included in the study. Sociodemographic data form, Children’s Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) and Thought Action Fusion Scale for Children were used in the study.
RESULTS: The CY-BOCS obsession score was found significantly higher in cases with an increase in the time spent with the family during the pandemic, obsession and compulsion scores in those with an increase in the cleaning efforts related to the pandemic, and compulsion score in those with an increase in the behaviors performed for the purpose of preventing virus transmission. The TAFTOTAL score was found to be significantly higher in females, and the TAFSELF subscale score was found to be significantly higher in patients over 12 years old.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: TAF appears to be critical in the onset and maintenance of OCD. It is thought that early diagnosis and intervention will be important in the prognosis before the chronicity of cognitive distortions of OCD.

INTRODUCTION: Sepsis is a life-threatening excessive systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome to infection that usually occurs in patients with bacteremia. The respiratory system is one of the structures most affected by acute organ damage. Melatonin plays an important role in regulating various physiological functions of the body, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Ramelteon (RAME) is the first melatonin receptor agonist confirmed for clinical use. The goal of this study is to determine the effects of RAME on endotoxin-induced septic lung injury in rats.


METHODS: Thirty-two female rats were separated randomly into four groups (n=8). Group healthy received intraperitoneal normal saline, group sepsis received intraperitoneally 10 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS), group sepsis+RAME2 received 10 mg/kg LPS plus 2mg/kg RAME, and group sepsis+RAME4 received 10 mg/kg LPS plus 4mg/kg RAME. RAME was administered by oral gavage 1 hour before LPS administration. The lung tissues were collected 12 hours after LPS administration and investigated molecularly (qRT-PCR analyses of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, nuclear factor kappa-β, and interleukin 1-beta mRNA expression) and histopathologically (staining with Harris Hematoxylin and Eosin Y).
RESULTS: TNF-α, NF-κβ, and IL-1β levels significantly decreased dose-dependent in the septic rats following RAME administration. RAME administration ameliorated histopathological injury in lung tissues due to sepsis.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: RAME ameliorated the inflammatory response in endotoxin-induced sepsis. These findings suggest that RAME can be a promising agent by contributing to alternative preventive treatment methods for sepsis with its anti-inflammatory effect.

INTRODUCTION: The inflammatory system has recently received attention in the pathophysiology of Bipolar disorder(BD). Mean platelet volume(MPV), platelet distribution width(PDW), and red cell distribution width(RDW) are low-cost hematological biomarkers used to assess the level of inflammation. MPV, PDW, and RDW values in different BD periods were investigated in this study.
METHODS: This retrospective study included 108 BD patients(76 manic and 32 depressive) who were hospitalized in the psychiatry clinic of the Faculty of Medicine. MPV, PDW and RDW values at various stages of BP were compared with the healthy control group.

RESULTS: Before treatment, PDW values in BD in mania and depression were lower than in the healthy control group(medians: 15.30, 15.50, and 16.20,p<0.001). The PDW values of the same patient groups were found to be lower than those of the healthy control group in the euthymic periods after treatment(medians: 15.65, 15.40, and 16.20, p<0.001). When bipolar manic patients entered the euthymic period after treatment, their PDW values increased(z=-2.107;p=0.035). When bipolar depressive patients entered the euthymic period after treatment, their RDW values increased (z =-2.294;p=0.022).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The Presence of low PDW in all stages of BP suggests that it may be a trait biomarker. The increase in PDW values when BD transitions from the manic to the euthymic period following treatment suggests that it may be a status indicator of the euthymic period. The persistence of low PDW and increased RDW values following treatment of the BD depressive episode may be related to some sub-threshold complaints that persist after the depression has been resolved.

INTRODUCTION: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is the most common congenital heart disease in preterm infants. Surgical ligation is still the gold standard technique, especially in low birth weight patients. To reduce surgical trauma and possible complications, the anterior mini-thoracotomy (AMT) technique has been defined. However, conventional lateral thoracotomy (LT) is still the method preferred by many centers today. In our study, we aimed to compare the early results of preterm infants who underwent PDA ligation with two different surgical techniques in a newly established center.
METHODS: A total of 26 patients (12 males, 14 females; median gestational age at surgery 32 weeks [IQR: 29-37]) who underwent surgical PDA ligation in preterm infants between January 2018 and February 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. PDA closure was performed through the left anterior mini-thoracotomy approach in 15 of the patients and left lateral thoracotomy in 11 patients. The early outcomes of the two groups were compared.
RESULTS: The median weight at operation was 1000 gr. (IQR: 720-1200) in AMT group and 1200 gr. (IQR: 1000 – 2800) in the LT group. The difference between weights at operation was found statistically significant (p: 0.03). The operation time of the AMT group was found to be statistically significantly shorter. (p: 0.03)
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Anterior mini-thoracotomy technique provides an effective surgical closure in the low-weight preterm infant at least lateral thoracotomy technique. Based on the results of our series and our opinion, it should be considered the first choice surgical method, especially in very low and extremely low-weight preterm infants.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to investigate the interobserver variability of the newly developed Prostate Imaging for Relapse Reporting (PI-RR) to assess recurrence in patients with prostate cancer who received radiotherapy.
METHODS: A total of 81 patients who underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) examination between January 2018 and November 2022 due to the suspicion of local recurrence were retrospectively evaluated. All the mpMRI images were independently reviewed by three radiologists. None of the observers were blinded to clinical and pathological data (including primary tumor location). It was examined whether interobserver agreement increased according to the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) cut-off value being taken as 0,5 or 0,6 (µg/L) and the size of the tissue with tumor suspicion being greater than 1 cm or 1,5 cm.
RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 68,3 ± 6,6 years. The mean PSA was 2,32 ± 2,95 (µg/L), and the mean tumor size was 1,23 ± 0,77 (cm). A very high level of agreement was detected between the gold standard and observers 1, 2, and 3 (κ: 0,921 / 0,873 / 0,825, respectively). The agreement between the observers and the gold standard was also increased in the evaluation of patients with a PSA value above 0,5 (µg/L). Furthermore, patients with a tumor size greater than 1 cm had a very high level of agreement between the gold standard and the observers.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: PI-RR detection rate of relapse tissue and interobserver agreement were correlated with PSA level and size of relapse tissue.

MOGAD (Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Disease) is caused by antibodies against the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) found on the surfaces of oligodendrocytes and its damage. MOGAD and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) are very rare autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system that are often seen with joint involvement of the optic nerves and spinal cord. MOGAD can be confused with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) or NMOSD, which are more common in the community, due to its clinical presentations that may be similar and its characteristic to progress with habitual attacks. Although the clinical course of these three diseases is similar, their diagnosis and treatment are different; It is important to avoid diagnostic confusion, to make differential diagnosis of patients with other diseases and not to waste time for treatment, to prevent possible disability and disability. In addition, Optic Neuritis is an inflammatory disease of the optic nerve and is very common in patients with Multiple Sclerosis, and it can often be the first clinical presentation of the disease. However, being the first and early finding in other very rare demyelinating diseases can cause diagnostic confusion. In this article, we wanted to present the importance of optic neuritis, demyelinating diseases and differential diagnosis in a İnformed consent of the patient was obtained, 51-years-old female patient who had bilateral optic neuritis attacks at different times, in the light of the literature.

Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) can be found in any organ as a primary tumor or as part of multiple myeloma (MM). It mostly affects the head and neck region, upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. Bladder is one of the organs in which EMP is rarely seen. In this case, we reported a patient with a history of MM developed recurrence in the form of plasmacytomas in the bone and the bladder without bone marrow involvement after bone marrow transplantation. This recurrence has been reported as anaplastic plasmacytoma (AP) which is a rare variant of plasmacytoma. It is important to make a differential diagnosis of this subtype, which is very similar immunohistochemically with plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) and responds poorly to treatment. This distinction is often made clinically. In this case, the pathological diagnosis of tumor in the urinary bladder was accepted as AP due to the absence of HIV and EBV infections and the presence of MM history. Immunotherapy was started for the patient who responded poorly to chemotherapy, but the recurrence of mass in the bladder was observed. Our case report is important in terms of its rare presentation in the bladder and aggressive character.

DNA analysis obtained from forensic biological evidence provides strong evidence in identifying the perpetrator associated with the incident. The interindividual difference in the number of STR regions and the low mutation rate in these regions have made STRs preferred as genetic markers for donor identification. However, if amount of DNA in the forensic biological material is too low or the DNA is corrupted to such an extent that it doesn't allow analysis, short tandem repeat regions, which are frequently used in forensic genetic methods, cannot be determined. In the case of doubt, when there is no match to the STR profile, any information that can assist in identifying the sample's donor would be invaluable. Therefore, in the forensic genetics, in the diagnosis of identity of biological samples that are difficult to analyze, determining the additional information about the physical appearence of the donor such as age, hair and eyes colours with forensic DNA phenotyping, also such as body fluid and tissue type determination with mRNA and miRNA analyses, new current molecular methods have started to develop in the genetic and epigenetic field. In this review, for analysis of STRs and other markers we review recent advances in this field to maximize the analysis potential in identifying the phenotype of interest, largely through the application of MSP, developments in the interpretation of mixture DNA profiles containing genetic material of more than one person, RNA profiling for body fluid identification, and inclusion of epigenetic methods such as examination of methylation profiles.

Introduction: In order to stop the increase with the spread of the pandemic, sanctions such as the indefinite closure of the distance education system, children's nurseries and daycare homes, and the prohibition of individuals in certain age groups from leaving the house have been implemented. These changes, which are different from the normal course of life, cause some psychosocial effects, especially for children. Aim-Method: This review aims to discuss the psychosocial impact of the pandemic on children and youth in a broader framework by examining the current literature in detail. Conclusion: It has been observed that the childhood of the COVID-19 pandemic affects every age group to a certain extent. Although it is reported in the literature that the probability of catching the disease and being harmed by the child age group is lower than the adult group, it is seen that they suffer at least as much harm as adults in the psychosocial dimension. The psychosocial well-being of children should be the top priority to be supported in the event of severe epidemics similar to the current pandemic.