In this study itwas researched the effect of formaldehyde inhalation to the enzymatic antioxidan system of liver. 50 adult albino Wistar male rats were assigned to five groups of 10 each. A group was seperated for Control (0 ppm). Other four groups of rats were exposed for subacute (4-week) and subchronic periods (13-week), (8 h/day;5 days/week) to 10 and 20 ppm formaldehyde gas. The rats were kept out from diet caused production invivo formaldehyde. At the end of the exposure period, the rats were killed by decapitation under the ether anaesthezia. Liver was removed and used in biochemical analysis. The activities of total superoxide dismutase (t-SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px), whieh are antioxidane enzymes, were determined in liver tissue. The average enzym activities of the control group were found for CAT: 48.22±19.76 k/gr prot, for t- SOD: 0.142±0.026ü/mg prot, for GSH-Px:10.53±1.15Ü/gr prot. The enzym activities were not too influenced of formaldehyde exposure. However, only the significant CAT activity decrease was determined in the subacute 20 ppm group (%27.3) (p<0.016). As a result, exposure in subacute to 10 ppm and subchronic to 10 or 20 ppm formaldehyde gas have not influenced as significantly negative or positive in liver in which the most intensive formaldehyde metabolism occured.

In this study, the endometrial curettage material from 60 women who were operated for ectopic pregnancy at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Medical School, Atatürk University between 1997-1999 years, were evaluated. The diagnosis of the cases were verified (confirmed) histologically and surgically. The most freguent finding was Arias-Stella phenomen (reaction) (68%). Wiile only 6.7% patients had desiduali changes, secretory endometrıum and proliferative endometrium were present in16.6% and 8.33% of the cases, respectively. As a conclusıon, endometrial curettage aids in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy at a rate of 75% and still keeps its importance (for diagnostic approach). Additionally, these findings revealed that a wide variety of endometrial histologies are seen in ectopic pregnancy and any change in the endometrium, unless trophoblasts are present, might be associated with ectopic pregnancy. Knowledge of these endometrial histopathologic variance may be useful in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.

Portal and hepatic vein Doppler findings of patients with portal hypertension were compared with normal controls. 45 patients with cirrhosis and control group were evaluated. Mean portal vein diameter was 9.5 mm, portal vein flow velocity was 19.3 cm/sec, hepatic vein waveform was normal triphasic form except one in healthy control groups. Mean portal vein diameter was 14.1 mm, portal vein flow velocity was 13.8 cm/sec in patients. Pathologic waveform of hepatic vein was detected in 58 % of patients. Portal vein flow, less than 15 cm /sec, portal vein diameter, higher than 13 mm and pathologic waveform of hepatic vein should be considered in the diagnosis of portal hypertension.

In our study, hospital staff and the healthy people scanned for anti-HBc total for immunization were re-evaluated in order to define the rates of the exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV). Of the 1729 individuals scanned totally, 986 were hospital staff. Remainders were 743 healthy people. Mean age of the hospital group was 27.2 (25-40) and that of the people group was 24.3 (11-40). Anti-HBc total tests were studied by using Enzyme Immunoassay kits (Wellcozyme, Murex Biotech Limited, UK and Biokit, S.A. Barcelona, Spain). The rate of the exposure to HBV (anti-HBc total positivity) was detected as 41.68% in the hospital group. In the people group, these rates were found as 1.75% in 11 age group, 3.28% in 12 age group, 10.76% in 17 age group, 12.42% in 18 age group, 22.58% in 20 age group and 25.33% in 25-40 age group. According to these results, the rate of exposure to HBV might be said to increase by age and the rate (41.68%) of the hospital group is higher than that (25.33%) of the same age group of the people group.

In this study, we have measured reactive oxygen metabolities (ROM) in serum and pleural fluids of 75 hospitalized patients with pleural effusions and 21 healthy individuals choosen as control group. The etiology of pleural effusions was malignancy in 25 and nonmalignant diseases in 50 cases. The mean serum ROM levels of the malignant, nonmalignant, and control groups were 423180 IU/L, 531240 IU/L, and 24789 IU/L, respectively. The levels of serum ROM in the patient groups were higher than that of control group. But, there was not significantly difference between each patient groups. The mean pleural fluid ROM levels of malignant and nonmalignant effusions were 358127 IU/L and 497234 IU/L, respectively. In the malignant cases, ROM level of pleural fluid was not significantly higher than that of other group. These findings indicate patients with pleural effusions are under high influence of free radicals. These points should be considered during treatment. Also, ROM level in pleural fluids seems to have no diagnostic value in malignant pleural effusions.

To investigate the influence of endocapsular tension ring on prevention of intraoperative complications due to zonular weakness which might happen during phacoemulsification of the cataracts associated with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome. A prospective randomized study was planned. 91 eyes with cataract and PEX syndrome planning to have cataract surgery via phacoemulsification were randomly assigned into two groups. During the assignment process, patients were so selected that mean patient age, nucleus grading and preoperative iridodonesis were matched in the two groups. 46 eyes of the first group were implanted with an endocapsular tension ring during phacoemulsification- after clear corneal incision, capsulorrhexis and hydrodissection- while 45 eyes were taken as controls. In both groups, nuclei were emulsified by using ‘stop and chop technique’. Intraoperative complications such as zonular dialysis, convertion to ECCE or ICCE, posterior capsuler rupture, vitreus loss, and early postoperative complications such as intraocular pressure rise, corneal edema and severe cellular reaction in the anterior segment were compared in two groups. In a total of 5 eyes (11%) of the control group developed intraoperative complications due to zonular problems (in 2 of them convertion to ICCE had to be done, in 2 cases whole lens dropped into the vitreus and in 1 eye zonular dialysis occurred during IOL implantation), in contrast to the ring implanted group in which no case of similar intraoperative problems was seen (p<0.05). In addition to those 5 eyes with zonular dialysis, posterior capsuler rupture occurred in 4 additional eyes in the control group while 5 of ring implanted eyes had the same complication. All eyes in the ring implanted group could be implanted with foldable IOLs either in the bag (89.2%) or in the sulcus (10.8%) while in the control group the rate of capsular fixation was achieved in 80%, sulcus fixation 11% and scleral fixation 9% (4 eyes, p<0.05). In the early postoperative period, the incidences of corneal edema and IOP spikes were not statistically different (p>0.05), but inflammation of the anterior segment was observed more frequently in the control group (p<0.05). In the first postoperative week, UCVA was found to be lower in the control group (0.31±0.45) as compared with ring implanted group (0.49±0.29) (p=0.046). In cataracts associated with PEX syndrome, capsular tension ring implantation prior to the phacoemulsification of the nucleus was found to reduce intraoperative complications due to zonular weakness, reduce the need for scleral fixation, reduce early postoperative inflammation and provide better visual acuity.

Between April 1998 and April 1999, 70 arteriovenous fistula were constructed in 52 patients for hemodialysis; 38 snuff-box, 19 Brischio-Cimino (B.C), 12 brachiocephalic autogenous fistula and 1 brachioaxiller synthetic graft were performed. In the postoperative period, totally 27 complications developed. The most common complication was early thrombosis (23 cases) which occurred within 6 months. Patency rates for 3rd and 6th months were 22/30 (%73.3) and 12/17 (%70.6) in snuff-box fistula, 11/14 (%78.6) and 6/9 (%66.7) in B.C fistula, 5/6 (%83.3) and 3/4 (%75) in brachiocephalic fistula respectively. Snuff-box fistula should be preferred primarily in order to make the construction of another native fistula possible in the same arm. Synthetic graft should be used when all native fistula sites were exhausted.

In recent years, many family planning and other reproductive health programs have become interested in the topic of men and reproductive health. The objective of this article is to promote gender equality in all spheres of life and to encourage and enable men to take responsibility for their sexual and reproductive behaviour and family roles. Despite the surge of interest in this area, there is a lack of consensus about what it means to involve men in reproductive health programs. Here, an attempt was made to clarify this uncertainity.

Cerebral lateralization is the different capability of cerebral hemispheres in performance, control and acquire of some specific neurologic functions. Cerebral lateralization is the base of the scientific approach requiring for understanding of high cerebral functions and their disabilities. Cerebral dominance is explained as the dominance of one cerebral hemisphere in performance and control of some neurologic functions.Verbal functions are more dominant in left hemisphere and spatial functions in right hemisphere in humans.