Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate venous insufficiency rates in patients who were applied lower extremity venous Doppler ultrasonography. Materials and Methods: Lower extremity venous system Doppler ultrasound examination reports were retrospectively scanned in 1328 patients (406 male, 922 female), for several complaints application with the cardiology and cardiovascular surgery outpatient clinic of the lower extremity venous system in the Van Training and Research Hospital. Results: At least one deep venous insufficiency was detected in 355 (26.7%) patients (21.4% of 87 males, 29%. of 268 females). In the study group, 146 (11%) subjects (53 male, 93 female) at least one venous thrombosis of the deep veins at acute or chronic stage was observed. Conclusion: Lower extremity venous insufficiency is common. If awareness about this disease is increased, more benefits can be provided to the society.

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of intracavitary bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy in non-muscle-invading bladder tumors applied in patients at risk of relapse. Materials and Methods: Between May 2009-June 2013, 52 patients who were diagnosed or incidentally detected to have superficial bladder transitional cell tumor were evaluated. Initially epithelial transurethral resection was performed to these patients, and the patients proven to have superficial bladder cell tumor histopathologically were included in the study. After the surgery, the patients were divided into two groups such as low risk group and high risk group in terms of progression and relapse. In 30 patients comprising low risk group, intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Pasteur 81 mg was administered 1 time per week for 6 weeks 3 weeks after the procedure. In 22 patients comprising high risk group, 1 time per month dose of 27 mg Bacillus Calmette-Guerin was administered 3 times in addition to the previous 6 months therapy. In patients with relapse, transurethral resection was repeated and tumor grade, stage, progression and recurrence times were recorded. Results: The mean age of patients diagnosed with bladder cancer was 64.9 years (range: 20-91 years). Of the patients 11 were female, while the number of cases diagnosed under the age of 40 was 4. The youngest patient was 20 years old male. One of the cases was 13 weeks pregnant woman. The patients were followed up for an average of 40 months, and a recurrence rate of 13% (7 of 52 patients) was observed. Two of the 7 patients with recurrence showed some improvement in histopathological tumor grade and stage. Conclusion: Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy and induction Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy is an effective option in preventing tumor recurrence and progression after transurethral resection of non-muscle invasive superficial bladder cancer.

Aim: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) affects millions of people. OSAS is characterized by complete or partial obstruction of the upper airways and desaturations during sleep, and is an important health problem. The prevalence of OSAS is between 0.9% to 1.9% in Turkey. OSAS is associated with factors such as age, gender, neck circumference, obesity, smoking and alcohol intake. We studied OSAS patients who diagnosed in our clinic. Material and Methods: In thirty six moderate and severe OSAS patients who admitted to our clinic in 2012 and 2013, demographic characteristics and polysomnographic findings have been examined. Results: There were 27 severe and 9 moderate OSAS patients. Patients’ mean body mass index (BMI) was 33.38, neck circumference was 37.77cm, mean apnea-hypopnea index was 36.44. Position dependent OSAS number was 8 and REM dependent OSAS number was 6. Conclusion: As a result, part of some our patients were position- and some were REM-dependent, others were independent.

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the frequency of pulmonary embolism in the patients hospitalized with the acute exacerbations of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). Methods: For this purpose, 33 patients (19 men and 14 women) hospitalized in our clinic with the exacerbations of COPD between 2005 and 2007 were prospectively studied. All patients were scanned by contrast-enhanced multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT). Symptoms of sudden chest-pain and dyspnea were recorded. For the analysis, FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume), D-dimer, Echocardiogram (ECHO) and the contrast-enhanced MSCT were used. Relationship between pulmonary embolism, age, sex, FEV1, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and D-dimer results were compared. Conclusion: In our study, it was found that the incidence of pulmonary embolism was common in the patients hospitalized with exacerbations of COPD (9%). For this reason, it has been concluded that patients who have sudden chest pain must be investigated with contrast enhanced MSCT in terms of the probability of pulmonary embolism.

Aim: This study was done on the 60 pregnant women who didn’t take any supplementary medicine (iron, folic acid, vitamin B12) in the second trimesters of their pregnancy and 30 healthy non-pregnant women living in the village of Van. The levels of folic acid, vitamin B12, iron, iron-binding capacity, tansferrin, ferritin, hemoglobin, hematocrit and their nutritional status were researched. Method: Folic acid and ferritin analysis were done by immunoassay techniques, vitamin B12 analysis by competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay technique, iron and iron-binding capacity, transferrin by immunoturbidimetric assay in serum, hemoglobin and hematocrit masurement were done in whole blood by empedans technique in pregnant and healthy control group. Result: The ratio of insufficient nutrition of control and pregnant group, were 60% and 58% respectively. The folic acid, vitamin B12, iron, ferritin, hemoglobin and hematocrit values were significantly low (p<0.001), but the levels of iron binding capacity and transferrin were significantly high (p<0.001) than the controls. Conclusion: As a conclusion the decreases of hemoglobin in pregnant women due to nutritonel imbalances living in rural area and low economical conditions, reflect a possible anemia. Because anemia treatment in pregnant women takes time, to protect maternal and fetal defects the critical parameters for the detection of anemia must be measured. Women must be evaluated for anemia, and necessary mineral and vitamin supplements must be advised to prevent anemia in the pregnancy.

Aim: Conditions resulting in loss of neurological functions affect the daily lives of the individuals, thus causing impairment. Collection of data related to neurological disability is needed for management of public health services. The aim of this study was to review medical disability reports of the cases examined neurologically by the medical committee of our hospital, and to evaluate the results of these reviews and present the obtained data to contribute to the statistical data relating to disability status in our country. Material and Methods: Socio-demographic features, application reasons, types of neurological disorders and disability rates of the cases examined neurologically by our medical committee from 15th May–15th November, 2012 were evaluated retrospectively. Results: Neurological disorder was found in 825 (27.2%) of 3034 cases who applied to medical committee of our hospital. Of these patients, 450 (54.5%) were males vs. 375 (45.5%) females with a mean age of 41.8. 22.3% of neurologically disabled cases were pediatric patients ?10 years of age. Dementia (20.9%), cerebrovascular diseases (14.9%), cerebral palsy sequelae (14.3%) and epilepsy (14.2%) ranked among the most frequent pathologies. The most frequent application reason was seen to be requests for patient care fee (55.1%) and it was found that referrals for special education and rehabilitation had the highest rate of approval (98.7%). Conclusion: There are a limited number of studies and lack of data relating to neurological impairment in our country. We postulate that the present study is a good example for showing the causes and frequencies of neurological disabilities in the relevant region.

Aim: To investigate the risk of development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in smokers and in people with exposure to biomass. Material and Method: A total of 288 volunteers with no complaint related to the lungs, were included to the study. Smoking status and exposure of biomass pollution were recorded. All participants were screened with spirometry. Respiratory function tests were performed and FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC values were recorded. Results: 265 (92%) of the participants were male and 23 (8%) were female. The mean age was 44 ±12. Biomass exposure was 109 (37.8%). The number of smokers was 179 (62.2%). The cigarettes smoked by smokers was calculated as 34.8 per year. The mean FEV1 and FEV1/ FVC were % 91+2 and % 83±7, respectively. The number of FEV1/FVC lower than 70% was six (2.1%). FEV1 lower than 80% was 25 (8.7%). A negative correlation was detected between the cigarette usage and FEV1 % and FEV1/ FVC (p1<0.05, p2<0.05). A negative correlation was detected between the exposure of biomass and FEV1 % and FEV1/FVC (p<0.05, p<0.05). A negative correlation was detected between FEV1/FVC and age (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was detected between the group of smokers and the group that exposed to biomass by means of FEV1 % and FEV1/FVC. Conclusion: Our study showed that the majority of participants involved in this survey were smokers and nearly half of them had exposure to biomass and were carrying risk in older ages by means of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Aim: Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is one of the common causes of respiratory distress in term infants presenting highly variable morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the demographic data, possible risk factors, factors associated with morbidity and mortality in MAS newborns. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Dicle University Medical School Department of Pediatrics. A total of 106 newborns diagnosed as MAS between January 2011 and September 2013 were retrospectively evaluated. Results: MAS found to be responsible from 1.05% of NICU admissions. The study included 51 (48.1%) male and 55 (51.9%) female newborns. Of them 63 (59.4%) were term infants and 25 (23.6%) were post-term. The mean gestational age was 38.6 ± 2.4 (34-43) weeks and the mean birth weight was 3136 ± 655 (1700-4300) gram. The mean hospitalization duration was 8.7±4.4 (range 3-27) days. The first minute APGAR score ≤ 3 was found in 54 (50.9%) and the fifth minute APGAR score ≤ 3 was found in 10 (9.43%) of newborns with MAS. The overall mortality was 21.7%. Conclusion: The first minute APGAR score ≤ 3 was found to be related to increased morbidity and mortality. Determination of risk factors associated with MAS is important regarding diagnosis and implementing early treatment strategies. It was tought that morbidity and mortality rates could be ameliorated by prevention of post term gestation and performing cesarian section at appropriate time.

Endometriosis was first described by Rokitansky in 1860 and was defined as the presence and proliferation of the endometrium outside the uterine cavity, commonest site being the pelvis. Rarely it can settle on surgical scars, especially ceasarian section scars which is named ceasarian section scar endometriosis. This case describes a patient; 40 years old, who had two ceasarian section operations in her history, had taken folliculitis treatment in many times. She admitted to our clinic with complaint of abdominal mass localised on ceaserian section site. Ceasarian scar endometriosis should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of abdominal masses especially localised on ceaserian section site.

Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Gue'rin instillations have been used in treatment of carcinoma in situ and superficial tumor of bladder. Although the mechanism of effect of BCG is unclear, that is known to delay tumor progression, to decrease the need for cystectomy and to increase overall survival via stimulating various local immune responses and having antitumor activity. While it is generally well tolerated, it has rare side effects. In this report, which is a rare complication of intravesical BCG treatment, we presented the case of granulomatous orchitis.

Portal venous aneurysm (PVA) is a rare vascular anomaly. It can be congenital or acquired. In recent years, widespread use of imaging methods, such as ultrasonography (US) and Doppler US, has enabled the diagnosis of asymptomatic cases. Transient hepatic contrast is a condition defined by the increase in compensatory hepatic arterial flow that occurs due to a decrease in the portal venous flow. The present study aimed to present the portal venous aneurysm at the bifurcation level detected in the US (which was observed in a 50-year old patient who was admitted with abdominal pain) and the subsequent transient hepatic contrast difference (a condition that was previously unknown in the literature) with US and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.

Allergic reactions induced by proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) are reported no matter how rare they are. In this study, by presenting allergic reactions found in seven patients who used a PPI group of lansoprazole, we would like to draw attention to these rare but serious side effects of this frequently prescribed medication. According to the observations in our study, clinical signs occurred within one hour in all patients who developed allergic reactions due to these medications. All the patients were women except one case and were of medium age. Side effects were generally short lived, and with suitable treatment, most patients could be discharged within the first five hours. Angioedema and signs which last more than 24 hours, however, might happen rarely. Allergic reactions which developed after other PPI usage were reported in the literature, and hence we would like to emphasize the importance of informing the patients while prescribing such medications.

Glucose galactose malabsorption is a rare metabolic disorder caused by a defect in glucose and galactose transport across the intestinal tissue. Chronic diarrhea, severe growth retardation and death may result in the absence of early diagnosis and proper diet. Renal tubuler disorder and nephrocalcinosis have been reported in these patients. In this article, we present a case of Glucose galactose malabsorpsion with nephrocalcinosis and rickets.

Meningococcemia is rapidly progressive, highly mortal disease that is characterized by fever and petechial rash, purpura fulminans, septic shock and multiple organ failure. A 10-month-old girl was presented to the emergency department with fever and malaise for two days and rash on the vulva which occurred in the last 3 hours was diagnosed with meningococcemia. During the follow-up general condition and purpura fulminans of the patient were improved with appropriate antibiotic and supportive therapy. We want to emphasise that fatal course of meningococcemia can be prevented with timely and appropriate interventions.

Bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma is rare. In these cases, histological type is usually the same in both kidneys. In this case report, we present a case of synchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma with different histology treated by bilateral open partial nephrectomy within the same session and discuss its diagnosis and treatment in the light of current literature. What makes this case noteworthy, apart from its rarity, is that both kidneys could be treated with nephron sparing surgery within one session.

A melanocytic nevus (mole) is a benign proliferation/hamartoma composed of pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Melanocytic nevi are commonly divided into two major categories, congenital and acquired. Congenital nevi are present at birth or appear within the first year of life and range from a few millimeters to sizes that may cover the majority of a body surface area. Melanocytic nevi are common lesions in patients with light or fair skin and are less common lesions in dark-skinned individuals. In general, the benign melanocytic nevus is small (less than 6 mm), symmetrical, and well-circumscribed. In this review, the classification, clinical features, diagnosis, histopathology and treatment of melanocytic nevi are discussed.